Writers use literary devices to express themselves creatively, add color to their writing, and reveal stories’ themes and overall meaning. These techniques make words pop off the page, creating a more engaging and powerful experience for readers. Read on to discover sixteen of the most common literary devices to explore in your writing.

1. Simile

One of the most used literary devices, similes points out the likeness between two things. They use the words “like” or “as.” For example, her skin was as white as snow. Using similes helps clarify descriptions for readers in a creative way.

2. Metaphor

Like similes, metaphors draw comparisons without using “like” or “as.” For instance, his blood was ice cold. While similes and metaphors are effective, writers should be careful not to overuse them, as they can quickly become cliche.

3. Alliteration

If you’ve tried tongue twisters (Sally sells sea shells), you were playing with alliteration. This technique uses the same sound or letter for multiple words in a row or to start multiple sentences in a row. Using alliteration makes phrases memorable and pleasing to the ear. Authors sometimes use alliteration in book titles, such as Pride and Prejudice or The Great Gatsby.

4. Symbolism / Motif

Symbols and motifs are recurring images throughout a story. They could be images, sounds, smells, or situations. Through repetitive mention, these symbols highlight central ideas and themes of the story, creating a full-circle reading experience.

5. Flashbacks

The backstory is critical to any novel but must be woven in without feeling like an info dump. One way to do this is through flashbacks, where a character recalls a time or situation in the past. Flashbacks give readers important information that can help build on the story or provide clues to what’s happening in the present day.

6. Allusion

An allusion is when a writer refers to another person, place, or thing, assuming the reader will make a connection. It helps condense your writing and cleverly infer meaning. For example, “she felt like she’d just won a golden ticket” alludes to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.

7. Foreshadowing

Like dropping clues along the way, foreshadowing gives hints to the reader about what may be coming. It’s used to create suspense or a sense of unease and is an excellent strategy for keeping readers engaged and turning the pages.

8. Satire

Satire is a device that pokes fun at something in social or popular culture and is used as a light-hearted ridicule. Often used in conjunction with humor and/or irony, it’s a way to criticize something about human nature.

9. Allegory

Allegories are stories that serve as symbolism to a more prominent theme. Much like metaphors, only longer and more extended allegories express complex ideas in a way that readers can more easily grasp. One great example is George Orwell’s Animal Farm.

10. Onomatopoeia

Splash! Bang! Boom! Onomatopoeias are words whose pronunciation mimics the way it sounds. This literary device improves the flow of the prose and makes the reader feel like they’re in the scene with sound effects.

11. Euphemism

Euphemisms are words used to replace other terms that may be offensive or less polite. For instance, some people prefer to say someone “passed away” rather than “died” or “let go” instead of “fired.” To many, the use of euphemisms is considered more politically correct.

12. Colloquialism

How’s it goin’? Y’all keeping up with all these literary devices? These are two examples of colloquialisms: words and phrases used in informal communication or as a representation of a particular region or demographic. They’re great for casual conversation and dialogue to make it sound realistic and natural.

13. Personification

This literary device gives human characteristics to inanimate objects. For instance, describing the wind as cruel or stars leaping through the sky. Other examples include news traveling quickly and the sun smiling down on people. Personification makes writing more lively and helps create a visual image in the reader’s mind.

14. Imagery

While it might seem like a no-brainer, creating imagery in a story is a literary device writers use. Imagery includes setting the scene through a detailed description and creating an ambiance using all the senses: visual, auditory, tactile, etc. Compelling imagery in writing will give the reader an emotional, sensational experience.

15. Tone

Will your writing be serious? Humorous? Deep or light? Playful or intimate? All these are different tones—attitudes a writer takes toward the work. Some genres are known for particular tones (for instance, rom-coms are usually light and comical). Deciding which tone to take is crucial, so you are consistent throughout the book and do not confuse the reader.

16. Cliffhanger

A cliffhanger is when a writer leaves something unresolved to increase suspense. They’re used at the end of chapters or a whole book, especially if it’s part of a series. Because they create intrigue and curiosity, cliffhangers are a strategic way to keep readers wanting more.

Writing is about personal style, and it’s up to an individual author to decide which literary devices are best for their book. However, combined, they are highly effective in shaping a writer’s unique style and, in turn, a book that stands out.

Everyone knows when to use a period, but what about those punctuation marks scattered throughout your manuscript? Understanding their use might be the difference between a well-crafted book and a poorly written one. Punctuation doesn’t have to be painful if you know the difference and when to use it. When used correctly, it can elevate your writing.

Let’s take a trip back to grammar school, shall we? These basics might seem elementary, but they’re oh-so-important, and it never hurts to brush up on your grammar skills. Here, we’ll break down the most commonly used punctuation and when and how to use each.

Comma

Commas separate clauses, such as two independent clauses or an introductory one. You’ll find them often before a conjunction like “and,” “but, “yet,” and “or.” Not sure when to use it? If the two clauses could stand alone as separate sentences, you can combine them with a comma.

Example: She drove to the store, and then she went inside.

(No comma: She drove to the store but it was closed.)

Likewise, use them between items in a series or list.

Example: She went to Target, Macy’s, and Home Depot.

The Oxford Comma, also known as a serial comma, is the comma that comes before the last item in a list. Highly debated as to the necessity of this punctuation mark and can vary between languages (such as British English and American English), but technically, there’s no right or wrong way. It depends on style preferences. When in doubt, ask your editor. Here are two examples:

He visited France, Italy, and Germany. (with serial comma)

He visited France, Italy and Germany. (without serial comma)

Semi-colon

Oh, the notorious semi-colon. This often misused, misunderstood punctuation mark causes writers many a headache. Often used to replace the word “and,” it combines two closely related thoughts. Perhaps a more concise way to eliminate the need for an extra word when you don’t want to separate into two sentences. Another common use is to separate detailed lists where a comma would be confusing. It also can precede words like “however” and “therefore,” as in the examples below.

Example: He loved golf; however, he wasn’t very skilled.

Example: Let’s go to the store; I need to buy milk.

Example: They visited Orlando, Florida; Savannah, Georgia; and Charlotte, North Carolina.

Colon

Unlike some punctuation that can serve various purposes, colons are mainly dedicated to offsetting lists, bullets, or a series of items.

Example: At the store, we need to get the following:
Milk
Bread
Eggs

It also can be used to summarize a sentence. In these instances, the word after the colon is typically capitalized.

Example: She felt two things when she entered the room: Cold and nervous.

Hyphen

Let’s clarify one thing: Not all dashes are created equal. (See what we did with the colon there?) Hyphens are the smallest of dashes and used for two primary purposes. First, use a hyphen to add a prefix to a word, such as ex-husband and re-enter. Next, use a hyphen to make a compound word like high-rise and mother-in-law. Here are two more examples.

Example: The two women were co-authors of the book.

Example: The children rode the merry-go-round at the park.

Dashes

What separates dashes from hyphens is their length (dashes are longer) and their use. Here’s an easy way to remember: En dashes (–) are about the width of an N, and Em dashes (—) are about the width of an M.

En dashes show ranges, such as page numbers, dates, and times. However, en dashes are often replaced with a simple hyphen.

Example: I’ll book you from 2:00–3:00.

Example: Please read pages 56–61.

On the other hand, em dashes show pauses or breaks in the sentence, much like commas. They help offset a side thought, as in the example below. Their use is very much a stylistic preference; some writers prefer them to commas or vice versa.

Example: Starchy vegetables—such as potatoes and corn—are high in antioxidants.

You can also use an Em dash to cut off a sentence or dialogue.

Example: “Did you pick up the—”
“The dry cleaning? Yes, I did.”

Parentheses

These curved brackets represent an explanation or afterthought as part of the sentence. They’re often interchangeable with em dashes. Use them to enclose supplemental information, such as comments and digressions.

Example: The students (and their teacher) went on a field trip.

Example: Using proper punctuation is hard. (But don’t say that to your editor.)

Notice how the entire sentence, including the period, is inside the parentheses.

Quotation marks

Quotation marks indicate the spoken word or something that is a direct quote. They’re used in pairs, meaning that if you start a quote, don’t forget to close it at the end. In most cases, quotation marks always go outside the punctuation.

When quoting within a quote, use single quotation marks. For example, if the internal quote comes at the end of the sentence, you will end up with single and double quotation marks side-by-side.

Example: Mary said, “My teacher said I’m one of her ‘favorite students.’”

Example: “Summer is my favorite season,” Johnny said.

Finally, use quotation marks when mentioning shorter works, such as essays, short stories, and poems.

Example: My favorite short story is “The Lottery” by Shirley Jackson.

Apostrophes

Apostrophes indicate possession. Who’s car is that? It’s Bob’s car. (The car belongs to Bob.) When the subject is plural, the apostrophe goes after the “s.”

Example: The student’s desk.
The students’ desks.

Use apostrophes to create contractions. For instance, “can’t” instead of “cannot.” Contractions help make your writing more concise and improve the overall flow.

Brushing up on grammar basics is a quick and easy way to be sure your writing is up to par. Whether you’re a newbie or a seasoned writer, there’s never a wrong time to review proper punctuation. So keep this guide on hand or bookmark it as a go-to reference for your next writing session, then come back for more grammar guides as we strive to make your work shine.

Concise writing is a skill that takes time and practice, but it’s worthwhile because it means your finished book will be much better. Why? Because concise writing is easier to read. Also, readers can quickly spot a book written by an amateur. It may sound as easy as cutting words to get to a lower word count, but conciseness is about much more than length. It’s a style and ability to set your work apart. So, just how do you tighten your writing for conciseness? Read on for 11 tips you can implement today.

Cut unnecessary words

Yes, this is the most obvious suggestion for tightening your writing. Cutting unnecessary words, or employing brevity, will instantly produce tighter copy. Take a look at a sentence and ask yourself:

• “Is there a shorter way to say this?”
• “Is every word here necessary?”
• “If I remove or change a word, is the meaning still the same?”

Often, there’s a shorter way to say the same thing. For instance, “she nodded her head,” can be tightened to “she nodded.” The head is implied (Do you nod anything aside from your head?). Keep the following mantra in mind: Less is more. Aim to write less and say more at the same time. It sounds contradictory, but strong writing will follow this approach.

Avoid jargon

Knowledge of your audience and language is essential. Jargon, or overly technical vocabulary, might cause a reader to put a book down. Don’t be tempted by the power of thesaurus to throw in complicated words. The average novel is written between a 7th and 9th-grade reading level.

Simpler is better

You’ve heard the acronym KISS: Keep It Simple, Stupid. When in doubt, simpler is better for word choice, sentence length, etc. Why write “utilize” when you can say “use” (Hint: Did you know there’s a Microsoft Word tool that gives you statistics about your document, including average sentence length and reading level?)

Write in active voice

There are two main voices in writing: Active and Passive. You want to write in an active voice because it is considered stronger and more direct. An easy way to check your active voice is to ensure the subject is acting. You can recognize it by thinking, “Who did what to whom?” Here’s an example:

Active: The teacher passed out the exam.
Passive: The exam was passed out by the teacher.

See the difference? It’s a minor tweak but has a major impact on your writing. Many writing softwares can scan a document for passive voice, which is a great chance to catch it.

Check your adjectives and adverbs

Writers love adjectives and adverbs because they help describe your subject or setting. It’s fun to see how descriptive you can be, but all the exposition can get a little wordy. Try to cut a few qualifiers here and there to see if your description is still evident but in a more concise way. Adverbs are often unnecessary, and a stronger verb gets the same point across. Instead of “he ran quickly,” you could say “he dashed” or “he sprinted,” which implies quick running.

Remove unnecessary punctuation

If you’re a word person, chances are you love extra punctuation, such as colons, semi-colons, and dashes. However, setting a clause off with punctuation only increases the sentence length when it might have been possible to cut the sentence length or eliminate the clause. Re-read the passage to see if it’s necessary or if you can insert a period instead.

Remove “start to”

Did your character “start to stand,” or did she just “stand”? Did he “start to stir the pasta,” or did he just “stir” it? In most instances, “start to” is unnecessary and can be removed.

Do you really need “really”?

She’s really pretty. He’s very tired. Try replacing “really” and “very” with a stronger verb. Eliminating a descriptive word will greatly help brevity.

Use contractions for flow

Fiction writing should be natural, like how a person would speak. Contractions are more conversational and help with the overall flow. For example, instead of “I cannot come tomorrow,” say “I can’t come tomorrow.”

Cut a few dialogue tags

He said, she said. Yes, readers need to know who is speaking in a scene, but only some dialogue tags are necessary. When characters go back and forth in conversation, you don’t need to include their names each time. Once every couple of lines makes the scene flow easier and helps tighten the writing. However, it’s important to use tags when a new character enters the conversation or if there’s a big gap, such as internal thought or description.

“That” is a problem (sometimes)

We use the word “that” a lot because we believe it gives more specificity. In reality, many sentences can stand alone without it. Read the sentence and remove “that” — does it still make sense? Here’s an example:

Sara thought that the play was boring.

Sara thought the play was boring.

Now you have a better idea of writing concisely and how to achieve it. So, get your manuscript out and start revising! The finished product will be better for it.

Ya ha visto estos números antes, ya sea en la contraportada junto al código de barras o en la página de copyright. ¿Pero sabe lo que significan realmente los números ISBN? Y lo que es más importante, ¿por qué debería importarle a usted, como autor? Veamos de cerca los números ISBN y respondamos a algunas de las preguntas más frecuentes.

El ISBN (International Standard Book Number) es un número único de 13 dígitos que se utiliza para identificar los libros publicados. Hasta 2007, los números ISBN tenían sólo 10 dígitos, pero con la explosión de la autopublicación, ahora se amplían a 13. Esta cadena de dígitos no es una simple combinación aleatoria: cada ISBN sigue una fórmula establecida para simplificar la identificación y catalogar los libros en las bases de datos. Pero, ¿qué significa? Así es como se descompone un ISBN típico:

• Prefijo: Es 978 o 979 y es el código para “libros”, lo que significa que este conjunto de números se refiere a un ISBN.
• Idioma/Grupo de registro: Los libros escritos en inglés se identifican con un “0” o un “1”. Los libros traducidos del inglés a otro idioma necesitarán un ISBN aparte.
• Editorial: Cada editor tiene su propio código. Puede encontrar o buscar números de editorial a través del Registro Mundial de Editores.
• Información de publicación: Los seis dígitos siguientes representan el título, la edición y el formato del libro.
• Dígito de control: El último dígito, que se calcula matemáticamente para validar el ISBN. Suele ser “0” o “1”.

Los números ISBN son necesarios para todos los libros físicos si quiere que su libro se venda en tiendas físicas o esté disponible en bibliotecas. Las librerías no aceptarán libros sin poder procesarlos en sus sistemas, y eso requiere un ISBN registrado. La buena noticia es que una vez que tiene un ISBN, puede utilizarlo internacionalmente y nunca caduca. Sin embargo, no puede reutilizarse, lo que significa que una vez que asigna un ISBN a un libro, no puede volver atrás y cambiar de opinión.

¿Cómo se consigue un ISBN? Los autores pueden conseguir un ISBN para sus obras de dos maneras.

1. Proporcionado por el editor o la plataforma. A los autores publicados tradicionalmente y a los que trabajan con editoriales híbridas y pequeñas editoriales se les debe asignar un ISBN, que la editorial adquiere en nombre del autor. Muchas plataformas de autopublicación, como Amazon KDP y Draft2Digital, ofrecen ISBN gratuitos. Una advertencia sobre el ISBN gratuito de Amazon es que, en ese caso, se le pedirá que incluya a Amazon como editor.
2. Adquirir su propio ISBN. Algunos autores independientes prefieren comprar sus propios ISBN a través de Bowker(MyIdentifiers.com). Poseer su propio ISBN significa que puede publicar “a lo ancho” en lugar de exclusivamente con Amazon. Sin embargo, los ISBN no son baratos: un solo ISBN de Bowker cuesta 125 dólares. Para los autores que tengan previsto escribir más de un libro, la mejor oferta es adquirir un paquete de 10 ISBN por 295 dólares. Como no caducan, puedes guardarlos para utilizarlos en futuros proyectos.

Como ya se ha dicho, los ISBN son necesarios para los libros físicos, pero los autores también deben recordar que necesitan un código distinto para cada versión de su libro, ya sea en rústica, en tapa dura, en traducciones a distintos idiomas, en letra grande, etc.

Ya tiene su ISBN y lo ha asignado a un libro: ¡genial! Pero, ¿y si algo cambia? (¡Porque siempre hay cambios en la edición!). A veces se actualizan las portadas por motivos de marca o se cambian los precios en promociones y rebajas. ¿Significa eso que necesita un nuevo ISBN? No. Afortunadamente, pequeños cambios como esos están bien. Sin embargo, hay algunos casos en los que se necesita un nuevo ISBN (que es donde resulta útil comprar el juego de ISBN al por mayor):

1. Cualquier nueva versión o variación del libro. Esto incluiría la publicación de una edición de letra grande, lenguas extranjeras y libros de bolsillo frente a los de tapa dura.
2. Material adicional añadido. Las pequeñas correcciones gramaticales están bien, pero si se añaden nuevos capítulos, el libro necesita un nuevo ISBN y puede considerarse una segunda edición.
3. Actualizaciones de formato. Esto incluiría cambios en la encuadernación, o si el libro se reedita en otro tamaño de corte. Por ejemplo, libro de bolsillo frente a libro de bolsillo para el mercado de masas.

Preguntas frecuentes sobre los ISBN

¿Proporciona mi ISBN derechos de autor para el libro?

No. Los números ISBN son completamente distintos de los de los derechos de autor y las marcas registradas, y se utilizan únicamente con fines de clasificación e identificación. Los autores son propietarios de los derechos de autor de su obra hasta que venden los derechos a una editorial. A partir de ahí, los derechos de autor son administrados por la Biblioteca del Congreso.

¿Es lo mismo un ISBN que un ASIN?

No. Los ASIN (Amazon Standard Identification Numbers) son utilizados exclusivamente por Amazon. Estos números de 10 dígitos son alfanuméricos y ayudan a Amazon a gestionar los productos vendidos en su plataforma. Por otro lado, los ISBN son el número universal para identificar un libro. Los libros vendidos en Amazon tendrán ambas cosas. Pero no es necesario incluir los números ASIN en la portada. Recuerde que si quiere vender sus libros en tiendas físicas, necesitará un ISBN, no un ASIN.

¿Es lo mismo un ISBN que un código de barras?

No. Estas dos cosas suelen aparecer juntas en la portada de un libro, pero no son lo mismo. El código de barras es el conjunto de líneas verticales que se utilizan para escanear el artículo en el sistema del punto de venta. Incluye información adicional, como el precio y la moneda en que se vende el libro. Juntos, el ISBN y el código de barras contienen toda la identificación del libro. Los autores autopublicados pueden comprar códigos de barras al mismo tiempo que sus ISBN en Bowker, mientras que otros optarán por un código de barras gratuito de su plataforma de autopublicación, o recibirán uno de su editor.

Lo más importante:

Entender qué es un ISBN y cómo se utiliza es importante para todos los autores, sea cual sea su trayectoria editorial. Sin embargo, es posible que los autores de autopublicaciones necesiten estar aún más informados y concienciados sobre su uso, mientras que los autores con una editorial híbrida pueden tachar una cosa más de su lista de tareas pendientes.